POTENTIAL OF SAMBAS SIAM ORANGE (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) LEAVES ETANOL EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli
Main Article Content
Escherichia coli has virulence factors and is able to avoid host defenses, and is resistant to antibiotics. Increasing resistance requires alternative therapies, including natural ingredients. The potential that comes from West Kalimantan is the Siamese orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa). All parts of this plant contain secondary metabolites that can be utilized, for example the leaves. The compounds contained in secondary metabolites have antibacterial properties. This study was to determine the antibacterial potential of the ethanol extract of Siamese orange leaves on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Method The orange leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol then continued with phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity testing using the disc diffusion method. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of Siamese orange leaves contained phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. Antibacterial activity testing at all concentrations showed no inhibition zone. Conclusion The ethanol extract of Siamese orange leaves did not have antibacterial activity on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria.
Keywords:
Antibakteri
Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa
Escherichia coli
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2. Poirel L, Madec JY, Lupo A, Schink AK, Kieffer N, Nordmann P, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli . Microbiol Spectr. 2018;6(4).
3. Mardhia, Liana DF, Mahyarudin, Hariyanto. Pedoman Antibiotik Empiris untuk Rumah Sakit di Wilayah Kota Pontianak. Edisi 2022. Kota Pontianak: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tanjungpura; 2022.
4. Badan Pusat Statistik [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 20]. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data_pub/0000/api_pub/YzRUNnQ0NHIyYXFBeDI5RVpRVXVyUT09/da_05/1
5. Aini N, Dwiyanti H, Setyawati R, Handayani I, Septiana AT, Sustriawan B, et al. Siam orange (Citrus nobilis L.) nectar characteristics with variations in stabilizer and sucrose level. Food Res. 2022 Jun 1;6(3):315–23.
6. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sambas [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 20]. Available from: https://sambaskab.bps.go.id/indicator/55/125/1/produksi-buah-buahan-dan-sayuran-tahunan.html
7. Chi PTL, Van Hung P, Le Thanh H, Phi NTL. Valorization of Citrus Leaves: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Essential Oils. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2020 Sep 1;11(9):4849–57.
8. Limonene: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 4]. Available from: https://www.rxlist.com/limonene/supplements.htm
9. Gupta A, Jeyakumar E, Lawrence R. Journey of limonene as an antimicrobial agent. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2021 Sep 1;15(3):1094–110.
10. Ifandari, Nuryandani E. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Jeruk (Citrus nobilis, Citrus sinensis, dan Citrus maxima) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Manilkara: Journal of Bioscience. 2022 Aug 31;1(1):19–25.
11. Ugwu CC, Mbah-Omeje KN, Ezeugwu RI, Onuorah SC, Agbo MC. Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Aurantifoila (Lime) Leaf Extracts and Fruit Juice on Some Microorganisms. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. 2018 Mar 31;7(3).
12. Malik A, Najda A, Bains A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Chawla P. Characterization of citrus nobilis peel methanolic extract for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity. Molecules. 2021 Jul 2;26(14).
13. Vanesa, Yanti SNRSA, Mardhia M, Mahyarudin M. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Air Perasan Jeruk Sambal (Citrus Microcarpa Bunge) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. Jurnal Medika Udayana. 2024;13(5):99–104.
14. Chandra VE, Yanti SNRSA, Mardhia M, Mahyarudin M. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Air Perasan Jeruk Sambal (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas. 2022;45(2):134–43.
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17. Pandey A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Ultraviolet-B and Heavy Metal-Induced Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants: A Review. Metabolites [Internet]. 2023 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Mar 18];13(3). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC10058376/
18. Mikkili Indira, Karlapudi Abraham Peele, Srirama Krupanidhi, Kodali Vidya Prabhakar, K.B.S. Vimala, P. Satya kavya, et al. In Vitro Assessment of The Bioactive Compounds and Anticancer Potential of Citrus medica Leaf Extract. Trop Life Sci Res. 2023 Sep 30;34(3).
19. Ehiobu JM, Idamokoro ME, Afolayan AJ. Phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of leaf extracts of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck collected in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany. 2021 Sep 1;141:480–6.
20. Oikeh EI, Omoregie ES, Oviasogie FE, Oriakhi K. Phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of different citrus juice concentrates. Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Jan 1;4(1):103–9.
21. Riwanti P, Izazih F. Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol pada Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 50,70 dan 96% Sargassum polycystum dari Madura. J-PhAM Journal of Pharmaceutical Care Anwar Medika. 2020;82(2):2654–8364.
22. Hakim AR, Saputri Rina. Narrative Review: Optimasi Etanol Sebagai Pelarut Senyawa Flavonoid dan Fenolik. Jurnal Surya Medika. 2020;6(1):177–170.
23. Saini MK, Capalash N, Kaur C, Singh SP. Targeted metabolic profiling indicates differences in primary and secondary metabolites in Kinnow mandarin (C. nobilis × C. deliciosa) from different climatic conditions. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2019 Oct 1;83.
24. Hidayah N, Khoirotun Hisan A, Solikin A, Mustikaningtyas D, Biologi J, Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam F. Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Sargassum muticum Sebagai Alternatif Obat Bisul Akibat Aktivitas Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Creativity Students. 2016;1(1).
25. Mahizan NA, Yang SK, Moo CL, Song AAL, Chong CM, Chong CW, et al. Terpene derivatives as a potential agent against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathogens. Molecules. 2019 Jul 19;24(14).
26. Guimarães AC, Meireles LM, Lemos MF, Guimarães MCC, Endringer DC, Fronza M, et al. Antibacterial activity of terpenes and terpenoids present in essential oils. Molecules. 2019;24(13).
27. Masyita A, Mustika Sari R, Dwi Astuti A, Yasir B, Rahma Rumata N, Emran T Bin, et al. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chem X. 2022 Mar 30;13.
28. Huang W, Wang Y, Tian W, Cui X, Tu P, Li J, et al. Biosynthesis Investigations of Terpenoids Antimicrobial Agents Subjects: Infectious Diseases. 2022.
29. Zahi MR, El Hattab M, Liang H, Yuan Q. Enhancing the antimicrobial activity of D-limonene nanoemulsion with the inclusion of ε-polylysine. Food Chem. 2017 Apr 5;221(15):18–23.
30. Chueca B, Pagán R, García-Gonzalo D. Differential mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation by (+)-limonene as a function of cell physiological state and drug’s concentration. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 4;9(4).
31. Singh V, Katiyar D, Ali M. Comparative study of volatile constituents and antimicrobial activities of leaves and fruit peels of Citrus sinensis Linn. The Journal of Phytopharmacology [Internet]. 2015;4(2). Available from: www.phytopharmajournal.com
32. Geraci A, Di Stefano V, Di Martino E, Schillaci D, Schicchi R. Essential oil components of orange peels and antimicrobial activity. Nat Prod Res. 2017;31(6):653–9.
33. Ou MC, Liu YH, Sun YW, Chan CF. The Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Cold-Pressed and Distilled Essential Oils of Citrus paradisi and Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015.
34. Basavaraju M, Gunashree BS. Escherichia coli : An Overview of Main Characteristics . In: Escherichia coli - Old and New Insights. 2023.
35. Rowlett VW, Mallampalli VKPS, Karlstaedt A, Dowhan W, Taegtmeyer H, Margolin W, et al. Impact of Membrane Phospholipid Alterations in Escherichia coli on Cellular Function and Bacterial Stress Adaptation. J Bacteriol. 2017;199(13).
36. Bouarab-Chibane L, Forquet V, Lantéri P, Clément Y, Léonard-Akkari L, Oulahal N, et al. Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationship) models. Front Microbiol. 2019;10(APR).
37. Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Karaman R. Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. Molecules. 2020 Mar 2;25(6).
38. Khan MI, Ahhmed A, Shin JH, Baek JS, Kim MY, Kim JD. Green Tea Seed Isolated Saponins Exerts Antibacterial Effects against Various Strains of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria, a Comprehensive Study in Vitro and in Vivo. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018.
39. Eloff JN. Avoiding pitfalls in determining antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and publishing the results. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 May 22;19(1).
40. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Report: Escherichia coli [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 14]. Available from: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=285&print_version=PRT&source=to_print#null
41. Bubonja-Šonje M, Knezević S, Abram M. Challenges to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2020 Dec 1;71(4):300–11.
42. Rodríguez De Luna SL, Ramírez-Garza RE, Serna Saldívar SO. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. Scientific World Journal. 2020;2020.
