PROFILE OF INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN PARASITES IN FARMING COMMUNITIES IN GISTING SUBDISTRICT, TANGGAMUS DISTRICT, LAMPUNG PROVINCE
Main Article Content
Intestinal parasitic infections remain a health problem in communities. Surveys of intestinal protozoan infections in Lampung Province are limited. The transmission of intestinal protozoan infections is generally through the oro-faecal route, which is related to environmental and behavioral factors. Farmers are one of the communities that are potentially infected. Gisting Sub District is one of the agricultural centers in Lampung Province. Farmers' contact with the environment will increase the risk of intestinal protozoan infection. This study aims to determine the Species of intestinal parasites found in farming communities. The design of this study is a descriptive observational survey. Feces collected were examined for parasitological examination at the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. The results showed, the prevalence is 9.33%, consisting of Blastocystis sp. protozoa (6.67%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar protozoa (1.33%), and a mixture of Blastocystis sp. and Endolimax nana (1.33%) among the research subjects.
Keywords:
Farmers
Intestinal Protozoa
Intestinal parasite
Infection
Esteghamati, A., Khanaliha, K., Bokharaei-Salim, F., Sayyahfar, S. & Ghaderipour, M. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Cancer, Organ Transplant and Primary Immunodeficiency Patients in Tehran, Iran. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. 20, 495–501 (2019).
2. Boughattas, S. et al. Molecular Analysis of the Enteric Protozoa Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 7, 1–10 (2017).
3. Giannakopoulos, X. et al. Impact of enterococcal urinary tract infections in immunocompromised – neoplastic patients. J. B.U.ON. 24, 1768–1775 (2019).
4. Laksemi, D. A., Suwanti, L. T., Mufasirin, M., Suastika, K. & Sudarmaja, M. Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review. Vet. World 13, 716–725 (2020).
5. Mohan, S., Halle-Ekane, G. & Konje, J. C. Intestinal parasitic infections in pregnancy – A review. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 254, 59–63 (2020).
6. Buchala, A. D., Mengistu, S. T., Mue, A. D. & Gujo, A. B. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Yirgalem General Hospital, Sidama, Ethiopia. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal. 15, 101032 (2022).
7. World Health Organization. Guideline : Preventive chemotherapy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections in at-risk population groups. (WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2017).
8. Mutiara, H., Kurniawaty, E. & Din, B. C. N. Relationship between the level of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection and elevated eosinophil count in public elementary school students in Jati Agung District, South Lampung Regency.. JK Unila 3, 105–111 (2019).
9. Dharma, Y. P., Mutiara, H., Suwandi, J. F. & Setyaningrum, E. Mapping of infected students' residence and association of socioeconomic factors and parents' knowledge level with incidence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among primary school students in Natar Subdistrict, South Lampung District. Medula 7, (2017).
10. Saftarina, F., Hasan, M., Suwandi, J. F. & Syani, A. Y. Incidence of soil-transmitted helminth infection among farmers. J. Kedokt. Syiah Kuala 20, 167–171 (2020).
11. Tefera, T. & Mebrie, G. Prevalence and predictors of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Yebu Town, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 9, 1–5 (2014).
12. Madi, S. B. Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence, molecular characterisation and socio-demographic risk factors among immigrants in Qatar. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, 1–15 (2019).
13. van Eijk, A. M. et al. Geohelminth infections among pregnant women in rural western Kenya: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3, (2009).
14. Hotez, P. J., Fenwick, A., Savioli, L. & Molyneux, D. H. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 373, 1570–1575 (2009).
15. Feleke, B. E. & Jember, T. H. Prevalence of helminthic infections and determinant factors among pregnant women in Mecha district, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 18, 1–6 (2018).
16. Suntaravitun, P. & Dokmaikaw, A. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors for Infection among Rural Communities of Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Korean J. Parasitol. 56, 33–39 (2018).
17. Sastroasmoro, S. & Ismael, S. Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. (Sagung Seto, 2011).
18. Mukutmoni, M., Liza, F. T., Parvin, R. A. & Nath, T. C. Perceptions and practices of urban slum-dwelling women concerning soil-transmitted helminths infections in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Parasite Epidemiol. Control 21, e00291 (2023).
19. Wawrzyniak, I. et al. Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: an overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 1, 167–178 (2013).
20. Villamizar, X. et al. Molecular and descriptive epidemiology of intestinal protozoan parasites of children and their pets in Cauca, Colombia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 190 (2019).
21. Dacal, E. et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. isolates in school children in Cubal, Western Angola. Parasit. Vectors 11, 67 (2018).
22. Zhang, S.-X. et al. Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Protist Infections in Hospital Inpatients in Southwestern China. Pathogens 10, 684 (2021).
23. Jalallou, N., Iravani, S., Rezaeian, M., Alinaghizade, A. & Mirjalali, H. Subtypes Distribution and Frequency of Blastocystis sp. Isolated from Diarrheic and Non-diarrheic Patients. Iran. J. Parasitol. 12, 63–68 (2017).
24. Pramestuti, N. & Saroh, D. Blastocystis hominis: A Potential Intestinal Protozoan That Causes Diarrhea. Sel J. Penelit. Kesehat. 4, 1–12 (2017).
25. Kaya, F. et al. Investigation of Intestinal Protozoon Prevalence in Immunocompromised Patients at a University Hospital. Turkish J. Parasitol. 45, 39–44 (2021).
26. Mahmoudi, M. R. et al. Intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections among hemodialysis and cancer patients. Parasitol. Res. 119, 3053–3059 (2020).
27. Zarei, A., Mohebali, M., Agholi, M., Jonaidi Jafari, N. & Mohammadzadeh, T. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Visiting a Referral Hospital in Tehran Province, Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol. 17, 385–392 (2022).
28. Sobati, H. Epidemiological Study of Parasitic Infections in BuMusa Island, Hormozgan. Iran. J. Parasitol. 15, 425–434 (2020).
29. Xu, N. et al. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis hominis and Cystoisospora belli in HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–10 (2021).
30. Viesy, S., Rezaei, Z., Pouladi, I., Mirzaei, A. & Abdi, J. The Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and Its Relationship with Gas-trointestinal Disorders and Risk factors. Iran. J. Parasitol. 17, 90–95 (2022).
31. Shahnazi, M., Sadeghi, M., Saraei, M., Alipour, M. & Hajialilo, E. Prevalence of Parasitic Intestinal Infections Among Food Handlers in Qazvin, İran. Turkish J. Parasitol. 43, 16–20 (2019).
32. Watanabe, K. et al. Amebiasis in HIV-1-infected Japanese men: Clinical features and response to therapy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, 1–5 (2011).
33. Yanagawa, Y. et al. Case report: Acute amebic colitis triggered by colonoscopy: Exacerbation of asymptomatic chronic infection with Entamoeba histolytica accompanied by dysbiosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101, 1384–1387 (2019).
34. Zhao, W. et al. A baseline epidemiological study of the co-infection of enteric protozoans with human immunodeficiency virus among men who have sex with men from Northeast China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 16, 1–21 (2022).
2. Boughattas, S. et al. Molecular Analysis of the Enteric Protozoa Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 7, 1–10 (2017).
3. Giannakopoulos, X. et al. Impact of enterococcal urinary tract infections in immunocompromised – neoplastic patients. J. B.U.ON. 24, 1768–1775 (2019).
4. Laksemi, D. A., Suwanti, L. T., Mufasirin, M., Suastika, K. & Sudarmaja, M. Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review. Vet. World 13, 716–725 (2020).
5. Mohan, S., Halle-Ekane, G. & Konje, J. C. Intestinal parasitic infections in pregnancy – A review. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 254, 59–63 (2020).
6. Buchala, A. D., Mengistu, S. T., Mue, A. D. & Gujo, A. B. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Yirgalem General Hospital, Sidama, Ethiopia. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal. 15, 101032 (2022).
7. World Health Organization. Guideline : Preventive chemotherapy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections in at-risk population groups. (WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2017).
8. Mutiara, H., Kurniawaty, E. & Din, B. C. N. Relationship between the level of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection and elevated eosinophil count in public elementary school students in Jati Agung District, South Lampung Regency.. JK Unila 3, 105–111 (2019).
9. Dharma, Y. P., Mutiara, H., Suwandi, J. F. & Setyaningrum, E. Mapping of infected students' residence and association of socioeconomic factors and parents' knowledge level with incidence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among primary school students in Natar Subdistrict, South Lampung District. Medula 7, (2017).
10. Saftarina, F., Hasan, M., Suwandi, J. F. & Syani, A. Y. Incidence of soil-transmitted helminth infection among farmers. J. Kedokt. Syiah Kuala 20, 167–171 (2020).
11. Tefera, T. & Mebrie, G. Prevalence and predictors of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Yebu Town, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 9, 1–5 (2014).
12. Madi, S. B. Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence, molecular characterisation and socio-demographic risk factors among immigrants in Qatar. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, 1–15 (2019).
13. van Eijk, A. M. et al. Geohelminth infections among pregnant women in rural western Kenya: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3, (2009).
14. Hotez, P. J., Fenwick, A., Savioli, L. & Molyneux, D. H. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 373, 1570–1575 (2009).
15. Feleke, B. E. & Jember, T. H. Prevalence of helminthic infections and determinant factors among pregnant women in Mecha district, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 18, 1–6 (2018).
16. Suntaravitun, P. & Dokmaikaw, A. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors for Infection among Rural Communities of Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Korean J. Parasitol. 56, 33–39 (2018).
17. Sastroasmoro, S. & Ismael, S. Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. (Sagung Seto, 2011).
18. Mukutmoni, M., Liza, F. T., Parvin, R. A. & Nath, T. C. Perceptions and practices of urban slum-dwelling women concerning soil-transmitted helminths infections in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Parasite Epidemiol. Control 21, e00291 (2023).
19. Wawrzyniak, I. et al. Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: an overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 1, 167–178 (2013).
20. Villamizar, X. et al. Molecular and descriptive epidemiology of intestinal protozoan parasites of children and their pets in Cauca, Colombia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 190 (2019).
21. Dacal, E. et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. isolates in school children in Cubal, Western Angola. Parasit. Vectors 11, 67 (2018).
22. Zhang, S.-X. et al. Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Protist Infections in Hospital Inpatients in Southwestern China. Pathogens 10, 684 (2021).
23. Jalallou, N., Iravani, S., Rezaeian, M., Alinaghizade, A. & Mirjalali, H. Subtypes Distribution and Frequency of Blastocystis sp. Isolated from Diarrheic and Non-diarrheic Patients. Iran. J. Parasitol. 12, 63–68 (2017).
24. Pramestuti, N. & Saroh, D. Blastocystis hominis: A Potential Intestinal Protozoan That Causes Diarrhea. Sel J. Penelit. Kesehat. 4, 1–12 (2017).
25. Kaya, F. et al. Investigation of Intestinal Protozoon Prevalence in Immunocompromised Patients at a University Hospital. Turkish J. Parasitol. 45, 39–44 (2021).
26. Mahmoudi, M. R. et al. Intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections among hemodialysis and cancer patients. Parasitol. Res. 119, 3053–3059 (2020).
27. Zarei, A., Mohebali, M., Agholi, M., Jonaidi Jafari, N. & Mohammadzadeh, T. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Visiting a Referral Hospital in Tehran Province, Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol. 17, 385–392 (2022).
28. Sobati, H. Epidemiological Study of Parasitic Infections in BuMusa Island, Hormozgan. Iran. J. Parasitol. 15, 425–434 (2020).
29. Xu, N. et al. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis hominis and Cystoisospora belli in HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–10 (2021).
30. Viesy, S., Rezaei, Z., Pouladi, I., Mirzaei, A. & Abdi, J. The Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and Its Relationship with Gas-trointestinal Disorders and Risk factors. Iran. J. Parasitol. 17, 90–95 (2022).
31. Shahnazi, M., Sadeghi, M., Saraei, M., Alipour, M. & Hajialilo, E. Prevalence of Parasitic Intestinal Infections Among Food Handlers in Qazvin, İran. Turkish J. Parasitol. 43, 16–20 (2019).
32. Watanabe, K. et al. Amebiasis in HIV-1-infected Japanese men: Clinical features and response to therapy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, 1–5 (2011).
33. Yanagawa, Y. et al. Case report: Acute amebic colitis triggered by colonoscopy: Exacerbation of asymptomatic chronic infection with Entamoeba histolytica accompanied by dysbiosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101, 1384–1387 (2019).
34. Zhao, W. et al. A baseline epidemiological study of the co-infection of enteric protozoans with human immunodeficiency virus among men who have sex with men from Northeast China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 16, 1–21 (2022).
