EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTHOCYANIN AS A HEPATOPROTECTOR: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Main Article Content
Exposure to free radicals can cause hepatotoxicity in liver cells. Hepatoprotectors are needed to prevent free radicals. The flavonoid group anthocyanin compounds, which give many plants purple, blue, and red colors, have antioxidant activity as hepatoprotectors. This study uses a systematic literature review to review the effectiveness of various plants containing anthocyanins as hepatoprotectors. Articles were searched using Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI with keywords such as "Anthocyanin compounds and Hepatoprotective effects" that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results obtained from 7 review articles show that several plants contain anthocyanins, such as bilberry and blackberry, Rosella, purple cabbage, butterfly pea flower, Aronia melanocarpa Elliot (AMA), red cabbage, and radish. The mechanisms in plants containing anthocyanins as hepatoprotective include antioxidant activity, inhibition of cytochrome enzymes, inhibition of inflammation, protein expression, and modulation of the apoptotic signal pathway. This review concludes that plants containing anthocyanins are effective as natural hepatoprotectors with various mechanisms.
Keywords:
Anthocyanin
Liver Disorder
Hepatoprotector
1. Rohmatin AR, Susetyarini E, Hadi S. Kerusakan Sel Hepar Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang di Induksi Karbon Tetraklorida (CCl4) setelah Diberi Ekstrak Etanol Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr.). J Biol Sains, dan Lingkungan. 2015;XII(2):942–7.
2. Wahyuningtyas P, Sitasiwi AJ, Mardiati MS. Hepatosomatic Index (Hsi) Dan Diameter Hepatosit Mencit (Mus musculus L.) Setelah Paparan Ekstrak Air Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.). J Akad Biol. 2019;7(1):8–17.
3. Ajiboye TO, Salawu NA, Yakubu MT, Oladiji AT, Akanji MA, Okogun JI. Antioxidant and drug detoxification potentials of Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanin extract. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2011;34(2):109–15.
4. Kurniawan J, Bangsawan PI, Andriani. Uji Efek Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Etanol Daun Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera L.) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid Plasma Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol. J Untan. 2014;1(2):18.
5. Yoon E, Babar A, Choudhary M, Kutner M, Pyrsopoulos N. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: A comprehensive update. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2016;4(2):131–42.
6. Ghareaghajlou N, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Ghasempour Z. Red cabbage anthocyanins: Stability, extraction, biological activities and applications in food systems. Food Chem. 2021;365(March):130482.
7. Aza-González C, Ochoa-Alejo N. Characterization of anthocyanins from fruits of two Mexican chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). J Mex Chem Soc. 2012;56(2):149–51.
8. Priska M, Peni N, Carvallo L, Ngapa YD. Review: Antosianin dan Pemanfaatannya. Cakra Kim (Indonesian E-Journal Appl Chem. 2018;6(2):79–97.
9. Suriani, Firawati SP. Uji Aktivitas Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Kubis Ungu (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) Terhadap Hewan Uji Kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Yang Diinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida (CCl4). JF FIK UINAM. 2020;7(1):5–24.
10. Meilinah Hidayat, Oeij A Adhika, Fenny Tanuwijaya, Adisurja Nugraha RBH. Effective Dose of Rosella Calyx Extract ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L .) against Liver Marker Enzymes and Liver Histopathological of High-Fat Feed-Induced Rats. J Med Health. 2019;2(4):985–98.
11. Čanadanović-Brunet J, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Stajčić S, Ćetković G, Čanadanović V, Ćebović T, et al. Polyphenolic composition, antiradical and hepatoprotective activities of bilberry and blackberry pomace extracts. J Berry Res. 2019;9(2):349–62.
12. Yang J, Gao J, Yu W, Hao R, Fan J, Wei J. The effects and mechanism of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanins on hepatic fibrosis. J Funct Foods. 2020;68:1–8.
13. Buko V, Belonovskaya E, Kavalenia T, Ilyich T, Kirko S, Kuzmitskaya I, et al. Anthocyanin-Rich Extract of Red Cabbage Attenuates Advanced Alcohol Hepatotoxicity in Rats in Association with Mitochondrial Activity Modulation. Eur Pharm Journal. 2022;69(2):5–16.
14. Anisa Pebiansyah, Nur Rahayuningsih, Ade Yeni Aprilia, Dichy Nuryadin Zain. Aktivitas Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Pada Tikus Putih Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol. J Ilm Manuntung. 2022;8(1):100–5.
15. Kyung-A Hwang, YuJin Hwang HJH and NP. Hepatoprotective Effects of Radish ( Raphanus sativus L .) on Damage, Acetaminophen-induced Liver Stress, Oxidative. Nutrients. 2022;14(1):1–16.
16. Irianto K. Struktur dan Fungsi Tubuh Manusia untuk Paramedis. Bandung: CV. Yrama Widya.; 2012. Page 2.
17. Indranila. Buku Ajar Tes Fungsi Hati. Semarang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2018.
18. Suaniti NM, Gede AA, Djelantik S, Suastika K, Astawa NM. Kerusakan Hati Akibat Keracunan Alkohol Berulang pada Tikus Wistar. J Vet . 2012;13(2):199–204.
19. Alsalhen KS, Abdalsalam RD. Effect of cigarette smoking on liver functions: a comparative study conducted among smokers and non-smokers male in El-beida City, Libya. Int Curr Pharm J. 2014;3(7):291–5.
20. Aleya, Berawi KN. Korelasi Pemeriksaan Laboratorium SGOT/SGPT dengan Kadar Bilirubin pada Pasien Hepatitis C. Major J. 2014;4(9):135–9.
21. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Buku Manual. Direktorat Bina Farm Komunitas dan Klin. 2007;11–8.
22. Hardiningtyas SD, Purwaningsih S, Handharyani E. Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Efek Hepatoprotektif Daun Bakau Api-Api Putih. J Pengolah Has Perikan Indones. 2014;17(1):80–91.
23. Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1).
24. Slater TF, Cheeseman KH, Ingold KU. Carbon tetrachloride toxicity as a model for studying free-radical mediated liver injury. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B, Biol Sci. 1985;311(1152):633–45.
25. Cui HX, Luo Y, Mao YY, Yuan K, Jin SH, Zhu XT, et al. Purified anthocyanins from Zea mays L. cob ameliorates chronic liver injury in mice via modulating of oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Sci Food Agric. 2021;101(11):4672–80.
26. Da-Costa-Rocha I, Bonnlaender B, Sievers H, Pischel I, Heinrich M. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. - A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chem. 2014;165:424–43.
27. Hanifa DD, Hendriani R. Tanaman herbal yang memiliki aktivitas hepatoprotektor. Farmaka. 2016;14(4):43–51.
2. Wahyuningtyas P, Sitasiwi AJ, Mardiati MS. Hepatosomatic Index (Hsi) Dan Diameter Hepatosit Mencit (Mus musculus L.) Setelah Paparan Ekstrak Air Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.). J Akad Biol. 2019;7(1):8–17.
3. Ajiboye TO, Salawu NA, Yakubu MT, Oladiji AT, Akanji MA, Okogun JI. Antioxidant and drug detoxification potentials of Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanin extract. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2011;34(2):109–15.
4. Kurniawan J, Bangsawan PI, Andriani. Uji Efek Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Etanol Daun Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera L.) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid Plasma Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol. J Untan. 2014;1(2):18.
5. Yoon E, Babar A, Choudhary M, Kutner M, Pyrsopoulos N. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: A comprehensive update. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2016;4(2):131–42.
6. Ghareaghajlou N, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Ghasempour Z. Red cabbage anthocyanins: Stability, extraction, biological activities and applications in food systems. Food Chem. 2021;365(March):130482.
7. Aza-González C, Ochoa-Alejo N. Characterization of anthocyanins from fruits of two Mexican chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). J Mex Chem Soc. 2012;56(2):149–51.
8. Priska M, Peni N, Carvallo L, Ngapa YD. Review: Antosianin dan Pemanfaatannya. Cakra Kim (Indonesian E-Journal Appl Chem. 2018;6(2):79–97.
9. Suriani, Firawati SP. Uji Aktivitas Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Kubis Ungu (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) Terhadap Hewan Uji Kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Yang Diinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida (CCl4). JF FIK UINAM. 2020;7(1):5–24.
10. Meilinah Hidayat, Oeij A Adhika, Fenny Tanuwijaya, Adisurja Nugraha RBH. Effective Dose of Rosella Calyx Extract ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L .) against Liver Marker Enzymes and Liver Histopathological of High-Fat Feed-Induced Rats. J Med Health. 2019;2(4):985–98.
11. Čanadanović-Brunet J, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Stajčić S, Ćetković G, Čanadanović V, Ćebović T, et al. Polyphenolic composition, antiradical and hepatoprotective activities of bilberry and blackberry pomace extracts. J Berry Res. 2019;9(2):349–62.
12. Yang J, Gao J, Yu W, Hao R, Fan J, Wei J. The effects and mechanism of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanins on hepatic fibrosis. J Funct Foods. 2020;68:1–8.
13. Buko V, Belonovskaya E, Kavalenia T, Ilyich T, Kirko S, Kuzmitskaya I, et al. Anthocyanin-Rich Extract of Red Cabbage Attenuates Advanced Alcohol Hepatotoxicity in Rats in Association with Mitochondrial Activity Modulation. Eur Pharm Journal. 2022;69(2):5–16.
14. Anisa Pebiansyah, Nur Rahayuningsih, Ade Yeni Aprilia, Dichy Nuryadin Zain. Aktivitas Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Pada Tikus Putih Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol. J Ilm Manuntung. 2022;8(1):100–5.
15. Kyung-A Hwang, YuJin Hwang HJH and NP. Hepatoprotective Effects of Radish ( Raphanus sativus L .) on Damage, Acetaminophen-induced Liver Stress, Oxidative. Nutrients. 2022;14(1):1–16.
16. Irianto K. Struktur dan Fungsi Tubuh Manusia untuk Paramedis. Bandung: CV. Yrama Widya.; 2012. Page 2.
17. Indranila. Buku Ajar Tes Fungsi Hati. Semarang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2018.
18. Suaniti NM, Gede AA, Djelantik S, Suastika K, Astawa NM. Kerusakan Hati Akibat Keracunan Alkohol Berulang pada Tikus Wistar. J Vet . 2012;13(2):199–204.
19. Alsalhen KS, Abdalsalam RD. Effect of cigarette smoking on liver functions: a comparative study conducted among smokers and non-smokers male in El-beida City, Libya. Int Curr Pharm J. 2014;3(7):291–5.
20. Aleya, Berawi KN. Korelasi Pemeriksaan Laboratorium SGOT/SGPT dengan Kadar Bilirubin pada Pasien Hepatitis C. Major J. 2014;4(9):135–9.
21. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Buku Manual. Direktorat Bina Farm Komunitas dan Klin. 2007;11–8.
22. Hardiningtyas SD, Purwaningsih S, Handharyani E. Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Efek Hepatoprotektif Daun Bakau Api-Api Putih. J Pengolah Has Perikan Indones. 2014;17(1):80–91.
23. Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1).
24. Slater TF, Cheeseman KH, Ingold KU. Carbon tetrachloride toxicity as a model for studying free-radical mediated liver injury. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B, Biol Sci. 1985;311(1152):633–45.
25. Cui HX, Luo Y, Mao YY, Yuan K, Jin SH, Zhu XT, et al. Purified anthocyanins from Zea mays L. cob ameliorates chronic liver injury in mice via modulating of oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Sci Food Agric. 2021;101(11):4672–80.
26. Da-Costa-Rocha I, Bonnlaender B, Sievers H, Pischel I, Heinrich M. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. - A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chem. 2014;165:424–43.
27. Hanifa DD, Hendriani R. Tanaman herbal yang memiliki aktivitas hepatoprotektor. Farmaka. 2016;14(4):43–51.
