ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR DELAYED DIAGNOSIS IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS CASES IN BENGKULU CITY
Main Article Content
This study aims to analyse the factors associated with delayed diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the frequency distribution of TB patients. The research method was analytic-observational with cross sectional approach. The research sample was patients in Bengkulu City total of 64 respondents. The results of the analysis showed that the majority of TB patients were male, age group 16-25 years, people who had jobs, and secondary education, had initial symptoms of cough, lived in the central area of the city, the distance from home to the nearest health facility was 1 < 2 km, had a good level of knowledge, the majority had low stigma towards TB disease. There was no significant association between delay in diagnosis and gender, age, education, income, occupation, distance from home to health centre, location of residence, initial symptoms, first action of health centre, first health service visited. There was a significant association between the time between initial symptoms and seeking treatment and the incidence of delayed diagnosis. However, there was no significant association between delayed diagnosis, patient stigma about TB disease and knowledge.
Keywords:
Diagnosis
Knowledge
Stigma
Tuberculosis
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2. Bai W, Ameyaw EK. Global, regional and national trends in tuberculosis incidence and main risk factors: a study using data from 2000 to 2021. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):12; 10.1186/s12889-023-17495-6.
3. Chaychoowong K, Watson R, Barrett DI. Perceptions of stigma among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Thailand, and the links to delays in accessing healthcare. J Infect Prev. 2023;24(2):77-82; 10.1177/17571774231152720.
4. Datiko DG, Jerene D, Suarez P. Stigma matters in ending tuberculosis: Nationwide survey of stigma in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):190; 10.1186/s12889-019-7915-6.
5. Dhamnetiya D, Patel P, Jha RP, Shri N, Singh M, Bhattacharyya K. Trends in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in India over past three decades: a joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):375; 10.1186/s12890-021-01740-y.
6. Evi Nopita LS, Helen Evelina Siringorino. Analisis Kejadian Tuberkulosis (TB) Paru. Jurnal Kesehatan Saelmakers Perdana.2023;6:201-12; https://doi.org/10.32524/jksp.v6i1.827.
7. Farina E, D’Amore C, Lancella L, Boccuzzi E, Ciofi degli Atti ML, Reale A, et al. Alert sign and symptoms for the early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: analysis of patients followed by a tertiary pediatric hospital. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2022;48(1):90; 10.1186/s13052-022-01288-5.
8. Freund O, Azolai L, Sror N, Zeeman I, Kozlovsky T, Greenberg SA, et al. Diagnostic delays among COVID-19 patients with a second concurrent diagnosis. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2023;18(4):321-8; https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.13063.
9. Fujimoto DE, Koifman S. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever manifestations and their transfusion profile. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2014;36(2):115-20; 10.5581/1516-8484.20140027.
10. Gesesew HA, Mwanri L, Woldemichael K, Ward P. Editorial: Stigma and HIV Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;10; 10.3389/fpubh.2022.900590.
11. Hamilton A, Mitchison D, Basten C, Byrne S, Goldstein M, Hay P, et al. Understanding treatment delay: Perceived barriers preventing treatment-seeking for eating disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2022;56(3):248-59; 10.1177/00048674211020102.
12. Jayasooriya N, Baillie S, Blackwell J, Bottle A, Petersen I, Creese H, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Time to diagnosis and the impact of delayed diagnosis on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;57(6):635-52; 10.1111/apt.17370.
13. Jiamsakul A, Lee MP, Nguyen KV, Merati TP, Cuong DD, Ditangco R, et al. Socio-economic status and risk of tuberculosis: a case-control study of HIV-infected patients in Asia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(2):179-86; 10.5588/ijtld.17.0348.
14. Jiang Y, Luo L, Gui M, Liu L, Lin Y, Deng G, et al. Duration and Determinants of Delayed Diagnosis with Tuberculosis in Shenzhen, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2022;15:1473-81; 10.2147/rmhp.S367998.
15. Junaid SA, Kanma-Okafor OJ, Olufunlayo TF, Odugbemi BA, Ozoh OB. Tuberculosis stigma: Assessing tuberculosis knowledge, attitude and preventive practices in surulere, Lagos, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2021;20(3):184-92; 10.4103/aam.aam_40_20.
16. Kaaffah S, Kusuma IY, Renaldi FS, Lestari YE, Pratiwi ADE, Bahar MA. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Indonesia: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist. 2023;16:1787-800; 10.2147/idr.S404171.
17. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2019.
18. Kontsevaya I, Cabibbe AM, Cirillo DM, Dinardo AR, Frahm N, Gillespie SH, et al. Update on the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023; 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.07.014.
19. Kunjok DM, Mwangi JG, Mambo S, Wanyoike S. Assessment of delayed tuberculosis diagnosis preceding diagnostic confirmation among tuberculosis patients attending Isiolo County level four hospital, Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;38:51; 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.51.21508.
20. Kusumaningrum A WG, Kautsar Achmad. Tuberkulosis di Indonesia: Apakah Status Sosial-Ekonomi dan Faktor Lingkungan Penting? Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia. 2023;23.
21. Lestari BW, McAllister S, Hadisoemarto PF, Afifah N, Jani ID, Murray M, et al. Patient pathways and delays to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in an urban setting in Indonesia. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;5:100059; 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100059.
22. Ministry of Health Indonesia Republic Indonesia. Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Tuberkulosis 2020.
23. Mwanri L, Fauk NK, Mude W, Gesesew HA. Migration, Resilience, Vulnerability and Migrants’ Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(18):11525.
24. Paramasivam S, Thomas B, Chandran P, Thayyil J, George B, Sivakumar CP. Diagnostic delay and associated factors among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Kerala. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017;6(3):643-8; 10.4103/2249-4863.222052.
25. Peri AM, Bernasconi DP, Galizzi N, Matteelli A, Codecasa L, Giorgio V, et al. Determinants of patient and health care services delays for tuberculosis diagnosis in Italy: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018;18(1):690; 10.1186/s12879-018-3609-4.
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27. Shatil T, Khan N, Yunus FM, Chowdhury AS, Reza S, Islam S, et al. What Constitutes Health Care Seeking Pathway of TB Patients: A Qualitative Study in Rural Bangladesh. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019;9(4):300-8; 10.2991/jegh.k.190929.001.
28. Shimeles E, Tilahun M, Hailu T, Enquselassie F, Aseffa A, Mekonnen A, et al. Time Interval for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Related Expenditure in Selected Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Advances in Public Health. 2019;2019(1):4705139; https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4705139.
29. Sims OT, Gupta J, Missmer SA, Aninye IO. Stigma and Endometriosis: A Brief Overview and Recommendations to Improve Psychosocial Well-Being and Diagnostic Delay. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15); 10.3390/ijerph18158210.
30. Snow KJ, Cruz AT, Seddon JA, Ferrand RA, Chiang SS, Hughes JA, et al. Adolescent tuberculosis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):68-79; 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30337-2.
31. Thompson AE, Anisimowicz Y, Miedema B, Hogg W, Wodchis WP, Aubrey-Bassler K. The influence of gender and other patient characteristics on health care-seeking behaviour: a QUALICOPC study. BMC Fam Pract. 2016;17:38; 10.1186/s12875-016-0440-0.
32. Wahan SK, Bhargava G, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Unlocking InhA: Novel approaches to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem. 2024;146:107250; 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107250.
33. Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Aging of the Immune System. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):S422-s8; 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201602-095AW.
34. WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2013: World health organization; 2013.
35. Khedr EM, El Malky I, Hussein HB, Mahmoud DM, Gamea A. Multiple sclerosis diagnostic delay and its associated factors in Upper Egyptian patients. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):2249; 10.1038/s41598-023-28864-x.
